International Business Operations Management Essay - 1

International Business Operations Management - Essay Example And production tends to be variable across the range of products which are usually made 'to-order'. Further, there may be a lapse in time between orders and delivery, due a 'bottle-neck' in the change-over of production methods (Perison, Brown, Easton, & Howard, 2002). Thus, with this traditional form of operations management, the process is labour intensive and idle time is much more likely. Organizations are making the switch from batch production to a more linear and continuous form of operations. This paper will review the effects of the switch from batch to line processing for a fictional Company. Firstly, a definition of line processing will be given. Secondly, an evaluation of the effect the change will have on five core areas of operations will be provided (marketing, accounting, finance, human resources and information systems). Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points and support the use of line processing for the Company. A definition of line processing is a method of mass production that is high volume and extremely cost efficient because it is not labour intensive (Shim & Siegel, 1999). There is minimum changeover of equipment, processes and staff when products are being manufactured, due to the standardization and minimization of a product range (Horngren, Foster, Datar, & Srikant, 2000). Higher profit margins are expected because of higher sales. Costs are saved across the whole management system and there are better quality products and improved delivery service, making the Company more cost competitive.Looking to Accounting systems of the Company, this department would have contributed to team discussions by using linear programming to forecast which product/s were to be deleted from the range, or which to be outsourced to smaller manufacturers if they were profitable (Pizzey, 1989). Accounting would also have been responsible for input as to the potential sales increases expected from the oper ations change-over. Also, the department would have advised on the positive changes to inventory systems with line processing, as the method would allow for 'just-in-time' production. Cost savings and the ability to order stock more consistently rather than rely on storage, would make the Company more cost efficient (Horngren et al., 2000). The savings would be passed onto staff in the form of simplifying bookkeeping management, and increasing wages. Turning now to Finance, this department would need to have provided simulations and forecasts of the process selection of production methods to achieve increased sales and profits (Mayle, Bettley, & Tantoush, 2005). As sensitivity analyzers, the Finance staff would have determined the pessimistic, actual or optimistic volume expected from making the switch. Estimates of time, costs and cash inflows contribute to predicting the economic life of an organization, and help determine when the proposed changes will come into effect. The net present value and future capital investments of the switch as established by simulations would indicate whether the change be financed internally or externally (i.e., through investors or loans) (Horngren et al., 2000). This establishes the product life cycle in the global market at the moment.The Marketing department would have involved themselves in potential advertising costs. It is unlikely that branding would have been effected with the

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paraphrasing - Essay Example The bony structure of the lumbar spine, unlike the body’s thoracic spine, lacks lateral support but is a specialized structure designed to distribute the weight of heavy loads throughout the back. It consists primarily of trabeculae, a highly vascularized cancellous bone, which is organized in a fashion to redistribute stress throughout the spine. The size of these vertebral bodies progressively increases in direct relation to the augmentation of gravitational loads from the cephalic to the caudal segments of the spine. These segments are connected with ligaments and muscular tissue to each concurring segment located above or below the bony structure. The composition of the body’s intervertebral disc consists primarily of outer annulus fibrosis, which holds the transmitting nociceptors and proprioceptive nerve endings, and the inner nucleus pulposus. Nociception is the process whereby chemical responses to interpret pain or sensation and illicit physical reactions from the brain to the central nervous system, including basic movement. The signals are sent through peripheral neural pathways and are received by the outer annulus fibrosis, posterior longitudinal ligament, facet capsule and the associated muscle groups located in the particular segment of the spine. The composition of the inner annulus, which holds the nucleus, provides the spinal disc with supplemental support during instances of compression. A healthy nucleus pulposus consists of the majority of the surface area of each spinal disc, supporting seven-tenths of the compression against each disc. During the course of adolescence, bone growth balances the proportionate decrease of disc height and loading pressure shifts posteriorly. Over the course of an individual’s development, the overgrowth of bone structures and the inherent hypertrophy of facets lead to the narrowing of central canals and progressive foraminal.

Applications of Mathematics in Real Life

Applications of Mathematics in Real Life Applications of Mathematics in Real Life Situations 1.0 Application of Matrices Matrix concepts can be applied in various fields such as: Quantum Mechanics 3D Games Animations Cryptography and Others. We shall analyze the last one which is Encryption in further details. Encryption is indeed an important measure of security when there are transactions of data between parties. Firstly, we shall make use of the AB = X and B = A-1X concept, where the matrix A is the Encoder and the inverse of A is the Decoder. As messages are mainly sent in letters, we have a set a relationship between letters from the message and numbers in our matrix. For our example we will take the following relationship. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Space 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1 0 Now let’s encode our message which is â€Å"BAD†. Referring to our relationship table, it becomes â€Å"3, 2, 5†. We decide for a coding matrix A, which can be 5 2 4 6 1 0 2 7 2 As it is a 3*3 matrix, we can encode 3 numbers at a time. Encrypting the first 3 numbers, 10, 0, 13 (Matrix B) using matrix multiplications: 5 2 4 3 39 6 1 0 2 = 20 2 7 2 5 30 39, 20, 30 becomes the Encrypted Message which should be decoded now using inverse of matrix A. Inverse of A = 1/73 12/73 -2/73 39 3 -6/73 1/73 12/73 20 = 2 20/73 -31/146 -7/146 30 5 Decoding the message gives us back 3, 2, 5 which can be referred back to the relationship table to get the message sent. Note: For this example We need to have a matrix A which does have an inverse, we need to cater for the blank – space hence we can allocate a â€Å"0† for it The coding matrix as well as the number letter relationship is independent that is for some other encryption A can be 3 while B is 4 and so on. Conclusion: Matrices do play a major role in not only Encryption of Messages to avoid misuse of data, but in other fields mentioned above as well. 2.0 Application of Statistics â€Å"We live in the Information Age†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is a common saying in today’s world. It is a true fact as in our era as we make use of information in every field to be able to get an idea of what is actually happening and what we can do to not only to reduce problems of the past but devise ways and techniques for much proper less time consuming, less complicated, less costly and more beneficial processes to obtain output Statistics are the ways we can achieve the above by manipulating the data in their own ways to obtain a set of conclusions which will help us take many crucial decisions. We can also agree to the fact that indeed statistics are being used in many vast and important fields which will be illustrated below: Weather Forecast/Emergencies Precautions We make use of statistics to a very great extent in weather forecasting. This is so as almost every forecasting is based on data and information gathered from previous ones and in addition with other related data. For example: In reference to the amount of rainfall or cyclones obtained from previous years, we can have a close overview for the current year and hence take necessary precautions Medical Studies/Prediction of Diseases/Genetics Statistics have a huge role in medical fields nowadays. By referring to data and information on other past patients, we can learn more and extract new remedies and treatment not only to make the medical field prospect but help needy peoples. Also, using genetic data, some parents might come to know well before the coming problems with their expected children hence can prevent the possible problems accordingly. For example: Using information recorded from past patients suffering from a particular disease in a particular season, expected patients with the same disease can be protected using vaccinations well before. Politics To achieve a well organized political structure for the country’s well being, the potential people needs to be elected and based on their contribution, their work and their reputation on previous data, the obtain their chances to be candidates in next elections. Consumer Goods/Stock Market/Quality Testing Many wholesalers, retailers and even small scaled businessmen nowadays do keep tracks of both their purchases and sales which constantly being referred to be able to extract many important conclusions for better decision making and productivity. For example: If a certain commodity’s sales rises during a particular festive season, the businessman will know from statistics that he should have the item in stock for his own profit. In addition, it is crucial acknowledge what is happening in the economy of the country, hence statistics is a blessing here also as it gives us feedback and predictions for the future. Companies too use statistics to test whether their products are as per their customer’s wants and needs. To do so, they make use of product batches and hence it is time consuming for them to check for all the products. Conclusion: In the light of the above, we have seen that statistics are merely predictions; hence we cannot rely completely on statistics. However, they allow us to have better overviews of what is expected and hence we prepare accordingly to eliminate errors and mistakes. 3.0 Application of Regression and Correlation Regression and Correlation is used with sets of data, most commonly 2 sets of data to conclude about one main point, the relationship between the data. Regression deals mainly with the graphs of best fits for the data to be able to obtain the Correlation between them. Example: The Correlation: Positive Linear Correlation The study also includes the Correlation degree or measure namely the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, which lies between -1 and 1. Regression and Correlation is used in everyday life in various situations namely: In Businesses Firstly, to compare the previous sale figures such as to have better understandings for future sales. Moreover, companies are able to see how the varied prices on commodities have an effect on sales and clients requirements. Also, also the regression predictions will allow the companies to eliminate future problems and risk hence obtaining better business models with proper decision makings. In Regression Testing As defined by the Internet, Regression Testing is to verify that modified code does not break the existing functionality of the application and works within the requirements of the system. Therefore, it is a much easier and quicker way to find mistakes in systems to be able to implement new designed and modified ones. In Medical Fields According to Paul I. M. Schmitz (1970-1986), in the biomedical field, data in binary form such as disease/no disease or survival/death are very common. In these applications a multivariate normal distribution for the x-variables in both the disease group and the non-disease group was assumed. In pregnancy cases, the IQ of the unborn child is mainly based on predictions from regressions. Hence it is clear that regression played an important part in medical fields. In Education / Candidates Selection / World War Many institutions such as Harvard use regression models to be able to select the students that are eligible. Students also turn to counselors which uses the same techniques to predict the best school for the latter. For selecting best candidates for employment, companies do make use of regression methods. In the same way, during world wars, regression made it simple to pick the most capable soldiers to increase their winning chances. Conclusion: Like Statistics, Regression is of great importance when it comes to have predictions for the future to be able to make better decisions. 4.0 References Matrix Encryption [Online] Available from http://www.austincc.edu/lrosen/1314/webact2/webact2.htm [Accessed: 26th 29th November 2014]. Maths Worksheet Center [Online] Available from http://www.mathworksheetscenter.com/mathtips/statsareimportant.html [Accessed: 30th November 3rd December 2014] What Are Some Ways Linear Regression Can Be Applied in Business Settings? [Online] Available from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/ways-linear-regression-can-applied-business-settings-35431.html [Accessed: 26th 05th November 2014]. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient [Online] Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient [Accessed: 5th November 2014]. Numbers Numerical Methods For Bioscience Students [Online] Available from http://web.anglia.ac.uk/numbers/graphsCharts.html [Accessed: 7th December 2014] Testing Basic Interview Questions [Online] Available from http://testingbasicinterviewquestions.blogspot.com/2012/01/what-is-regression-testing-explain-it.html [Accessed: 7th December 2014] Regression Models [Online] Available from http://www.psychstat.missouristate.edu/introbook/sbk16m.htm [Accessed: 7th December 2014] Paul I. M. Schmitz. (1970-1986) Developments In Logistic Regression Methodology. 1.p.2.1 [Online] Available from file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/860423_SCHMITZ,%20Paulus%20Ignatius%20Maria.pdf [Accessed: 7th December 2014]

charles Kuralt :: essays research papers

10-Ninety Degrees North-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this Chapter Kuralt is asked by one of his bosses to follow along with a man by the name of Ralph Plaisted and many of his friends. Kuralt was asked to make a documentary on the polar expedition that these men were taking part in. Kuralt’s job as the reported was to stay in a little weather shack and take a plane back forth between the shack and the explorers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As they closer and closer to the North Pole the men we getting tired but something in Plaisted made every man want to keep going. On there trip the men had to overcome wind speeds up to 60 mph and cracks in the ice up to 4 ft wide. Then one day in may of 1967 the wind and cracked ice was just to much to overcome and the men had to turn back, Although the next year with careful planning and no fear Plaisted took off on this expedition again. As Kuralt stayed back in Cedar Rapids, IA over the radio to Plaisted he asked. â€Å" Where is you location?† and Plaisted reported back, â€Å" Ninety degrees north!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that that the moral of the story is that nothing in this world is impossible anything can happen at any given time. Like he said in this chapter how could people be starving in the richest nation in the world. And every one doubted Plaisted but look what happen he proved every body wrong. When you put you mind to it anything is possible. 11- Boxes on Wheels   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This chapter began with Kuralt asking for a vacation and ended in him getting what he would be doing for the rest of his career. A box on wheels is what they call a mobile home. Kuralt and 3 other employees would travel around the nation in a mobile home searching for interesting stories to tell, but what might have been the most interesting was the mobile home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mobile home was always breaking down they couldn’t go a week with out something on the Cortez breaking down. Whether it was the carburetor, engine or the tires it broke atleast once. The crew went threw about 5 different mobile homes, none of which did the job. The worst of the worst was one day in the winter while driving through Utah in the middle of a blizzard the mobile home broke down.

Impact Of The Latest Advances In Technology On Recruitment And Selection

ABSTRACT In the face of a new era of downsizing, garnering of qualified workforce remains a key organizational goal. A commonly held view among the human resource managers is that the human resources are the most important assets of an organization and that they offer the only non-imitative competitive edge. As the point of entry, the process of recruitment and selection of employees plays a crucial role in enhancing the success and survival of the organization in the extremely competitive and turbulent business environment. This paper explores on how the latest advances in technology have impacted on the process of recruitment and selection of employees. Different aspects of the use of new technology will be examined including internet based recruitment, telephone and video conferencing, computer based testing and IVR or Automated telephone interviewing. This will include an overview of the potential advantages as well as challenges arising with the use of each wave of technology. INTRODUCTION In the face of a new era of downsizing, garnering of qualified workforce remains a key organizational goal (Bauer 2004). As the point of entry, the process of recruitment and selection of employees plays a crucial role in enhancing the success and survival of the organization in the extremely competitive and turbulent business environment. Traditionally, the recruitment and selection process relied on fairly low-tech methods such as employee referrals and newspaper ads, in locating and attracting qualified candidates (Lievens, et.al 2002). Successful job seeking included frequenting the local job center (Lievens, et.al 2002). This has however changed over the past few decades as a result of advances in technology. The recruitment process, just like all other business functions, has become increasingly tied to technology (Lievens, et.al 2002). The common practice of mailing applications and waiting to be called for an interview via a phone call has been trumped by technological advances which have eased communication. Technological advances such as internet-based recruitment and candidate assessment, computer-based testing, Interactive Voice Response (IVR), telephone and video-based interviews among other information technologies are now increasingly being used in recruiting and selecting qualified candidates (Chapman & Webster 2003). In this paper, we examine how the latest advances in technology have impacted on the process of recruitment and selection of employees. The following sections will explore on these technological advances, in particular, how they are impacting on recruitment and selection process. This will include an overview of the potential advantages as well as challenges arising with the use of each wave of technology. We begin by exploring on internet based recruitment, which involves recruitment via the web.a. INTERNET BASED RECRUITMENTThe most popular ways through which advances in technology have significantly impacted on recruitment and selection is through the internet. Organizations are increasingly making use of the internet technology, particularly the World Wide Web, as a platform for testing and recruiting potential candidates (Baron & Austin, 2000). Social networking websites, software and online job boards has helped in linking applicants to hiring professionals with focus on knowled ge, skills and abilities (Baron & Austin, 2000). Social networking sites such as LinkedIn, CareerBuilder, monster.com and universe.jobs hold millions of jobs and resumes in their databases (Neil 2003). These professional networking sites play a significant role in the process of recruitment and selection. LinkedIn, for example, is used as a business-oriented social networking site whereby applicants are linked with the employers. LinkedIn is widely used globally as a professional network service and has currently 90 million users (Neil 2003). It is currently valued at over $2.51 billion USD and operates in more than 200 countries (Neil 2003). Advances in technology have indeed shaped the process of recruitment and selection. Online ads are now the lead recruitment methods employed by employers. Recruitment and selection via the web has enabled the employers to build a ‘talent pool’ of qualified candidates and lessen their reliance on conventional print media (Thompson et al., 2008). This has led to significant cost savings as employers lessen their reliance on recruitment agencies (Thompson et al., 2008). In this regard, Harris & Dewar (2000) noted a significant reduction on the cost per-hire from $ 3,295 (for the conventional recruitment methods) to $377 (for internet based recruitment). There are many benefits arising with the use of internet based recruitment method as well challenges that it present to the organizations. It should be noted that internet based recruitment is not without its shortcomings, but the cons must be weighed against the pros in order to determine if this recruitment method is supported. BENEFITS OF INTERNET BASED RECRUITMENT The internet provides efficiency in the administration and scoring of test as the content can be easily modified and answers captured in electronic form (Van Hoye & Lievens 2007). It also enables routine checking of errors, automatic scoring of tests and provides instant feedback to the applicants (Van Hoye & Lievens 2007). This administrative ease enables recruiters to save on costs and time giving them a competitive hedge in the tight labour market. It also provides for increased flexibility for both the employer and applicants in the administration of tests and performance of work in varied geographical locations (Van Hoye & Lievens 2007). Moreover, the widespread of information in a globalized market widens access to a diverse geographical labour pool (Lievens & Harris 2003). Additionally, there is a greater transparency in the selection process as candidates are selected based on their skills, experience and competence (Lievens & Harris 200 3). CHALLENGES TO INTERNET BASED RECRUITMENT While it is apparent that online recruitment help cut on recruitment costs, increase efficiency and transparency in the selection process; there are some potentially major drawbacks. Due to the high number of applicants, screening and checking the authenticity and mapping of skills may be a time consuming exercise (Lievens & Harris 2003). The large number of indistinguishable resumes from the various applicants coupled with inadequate software and procedures may lead to poor results in the selection of the ideal candidate (Lievens & Harris 2003). This problem can largely be attributed to the existing methods for parsing resumes which is dependent on software that truncates and exclude the totality of content (Lievens & Harris 2003). Also, failure by the industry software to produce optimum candidate and position convergence may result in correspondingly low retention rates of the new employees hence costing client companies thousands of dollars (Lievens & Harris 2003). Despite having automated assistance, managing the workload remains a daunting task for HR managers. While software has reduced on the number of resumes from the applicants, that would otherwise be manually reviewed, it has not been successful in narrowing candidate resume pools to the ideal qualified applicants (Harris & Dewar 2000).It should be noted that most of the software employed in the process of recruitment and selection generally uses rudimentary lexical and semantic algorithms (Harris & Dewar 2000). These algorithms tend to generate a large candidate pool with most candidates insufficiently suitable for effective use (Harris & Dewar 2000). This is because the industry software lacks the ideal filtering capabilities necessary for the proper parsing of resume. Crucial data that could help in identifying the ideal candidate and position convergence is therefore lost. Without sufficient data, there is not enough variance that could be used in distinguishing among candidate and position suitability (Harris & Dewar 2000). This next section will explore on interactive voice response (IVR) which is also known as automated telephone interviewing. The method is also gaining popularity and is increasingly being used by firms in recruiting and selecting new hires. b. AUTOMATED TELEPHONE INTERVIEWING/INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE (IVR) The use of interactive voice response (IVR) which also referred to as automated telephone interviewing is one of the newest ways to recruiting and selecting new hires (Thompson et.al 2008). IVR technology allows for human interaction with the computer via a telephone keypad or through the use of voice recognition (Thompson et.al 2008). This wave of technology is increasingly gaining popularity in the recruitment and selection of employees due to its many advantages. ADVANTAGES OF THE IVR IVR is an easily accessible technology. Take for example the United States where 95% of the households own phones (Thompson et.al 2008). With IVR, applicants can initiate the interview at any time. The applicants or potential employees can initiate an interview by simply making a phone call to a toll-free phone number and be automatically interviewed without any intervention from the operator (Thompson et.al 2008). IVR or rather automated telephone interviewing can help in eliminating interview biases (Thompson al 2008). It is highly cost effective in screening the candidate pool. DISADVANTAGES OF USING IVR While IVR is increasingly being used by many businesses to cut on the costs and give a better experience, it is not without its shortcomings. One of the greatest challenges to using IVR systems in recruitment and selection of employees is that the users find it hard to follow telephone menus and lengthy instructions (Thompson et.al 2008). Also, IVR screening is considered lower in terms of treatment and openness as well as in reconsideration opportunities than the conventional face to face interviewing (Thompson al 2008)..c. TELECONFERENCING AND VIDEO CONFERENCINGThere is also the use of telephone and video conferencing. Teleconferencing involves setting up of a conference telephone call between the selection committee and potential candidates (Gilliland 1993). Job interviews by teleconferencing are common where the applicant and the selection committee are located in geographically sparse regions. Video conferencing, on the other hand, involves the combination of both the audio and video transmissions, hence allowing for communication to take place by a way of an audio visual link (AVL) (Gilliland 1993). With video confer encing, both the applicant and selection committee members are able to share their views and at the same time see each other on the screen. BENEFITS OF VIDEO CONFERENCING Despite reducing the in-person meetings, video teleconferencing as well offer the advantages of face to face communication (Gilliland 1993). There is also significant cost reduction for both the applicant and the employer as there is no need of travelling and associated costs of lodging and meals (Gilliland 1993). There is also the added environmental benefit as a reduction in traveling implies a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (Gilliland 1993). Further, upon placement this technology allows for the continued collaboration with the team members from remote locations (Gilliland 1993). CHALLENGES OF VIDEO CONFERENCING Similar to other technological innovations, video conferencing is not without its shortcomings. There might be a difference in time zones when conferencing in remote geographical locations (Gilliland 1993). Also, some of the human ways to communicating may not translate well with video conferencing (Gilliland 1993). For example, eye contact may not be easily delivered through a webcam, unlike in the conventional face-to-face interviewing where one can easily make eye contact and judge whether the interviewee is paying due attention. Last but not least, we explore on how computer based testing has impacted on recruitment and selection process.d. COMPUTER BASED TESTINGThe use of computer based interviews has increased in the recent years with a wide range of organizations utilizing computer-based online tests for selection purposes (Aptitude/psychometric tests) (Chapman & Webster, 2003). There are several reasons for increased reliance on psychometric tests in the recruitment and selection of employees. Key among these is the increased regulation and legislation, and loss of confidence in academic qualifications (Chapman & Webster, 2003). INCREASED REGULATION AND LEGISLATION Reliance on test use in the selection process has been used as a defensive strategy to regulation and legislation (Chapman & Webster, 2003). Tests are seen as objective indicators of how the skills of potential candidates align with the job description (Chapman & Webster, 2003). These competency tests promote fairness and equal access to opportunities available. LOSS OF CONFIDENCE IN ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS There is a growing body of evidence for a loss of confidence with the formal academic qualifications. This is largely attributed to bad governance and corrupt institutions that may award degrees or certificates to incompetent individuals. As such, competency based tests are increasingly being used in screening the candidate pool and in identifying candidates with skills that align with the â€Å"competency profile† for the job in question (Chapman & Webster, 2003). Computer based testing facilitates the selection process by quickly pinpointing the candidates ability more accurately (Chapman & Webster, 2003). Take for example the BULATS online test, a robust business English language test, which is widely used in helping organizations make timely decisions in the recruitment process (Chapman & Webster, 2003). This online test provides a fast and more accurate method of pinpointing the candidates’ ability and suitability to work by using adaptive testing techniques (Chapman & Webster, 2003). CONCLUSION Clearly, we have identified a number of benefits to using technology for purposes of recruiting and selecting job applicants. A quick recap of some of the benefits include increased efficiency in the administration and scoring of tests, increased flexibility, greater transparency, reduction in biases, widened access to a diverse geographical pool of potential candidates, and cost reduction among others. There are however challenges arising with the use of technological advances in recruitment and selection process. For example, the exercise may be time consuming as a large number of applicants need to be screened. Other shortcomings include poor results due to inadequate software and procedures, and difficulties in filtering of potential candidates, among others. Nonetheless, the latest advances in technology have significantly impacted on recruitment and selection process. As pointed out by Kay (2000), the power of the Web and e-technology has changed the way recruitment and selections of employees occur. Technological advancements and the ubiquity of the internet (especially with social networking) have become powerful additions to the process of recruitment and selection. However, these should not be considered as the only solutions to finding the ideal candidate. While changes are still underway, it is clear that advances in technology have dramatically impacted on the recruitment and selection process. REFERENCES Bauer, et.al, 2004. â€Å"Applicant reactions to different selection technology: face-to-face, interactive voice response and computer-assisted telephone screening interviews†, International Journal of selection and assessment, Portland State University: Blackwell publishing ltd. Baron, H., & J. Austin, 2000. Measuring ability via the Internet: Opportunities and issues. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Chapman, D.S., & J. Webster, 2003. â€Å"The use of technologies in recruiting, screening and selection processes for job candidates†, International journal of selection and assessment, Vol.11 (2), pp. 113-120 Gilliland, S.W, 1993. â€Å"The perceived fairness of selection systems: an organizational justice perspective†, Academy of management review, 18, pp.694-734 Harris, M., and K. Dewar, 2000. Understanding and using web-based recruiting and screening tools: key criteria, current trends and future directions. Workshop presented at annual meeting of the society for industrial and organizational psychology, San Diego, CA. Kay, A. S., 2000. â€Å"Recruiters embrace the Internet.† Informationweek: pp.72-80. Lievens, F., K. Van Dam and N. Anderson, 2002. â€Å"Recent Trends and Challenges in Personnel Selection†. Personnel Review, 31 (5-6), 580-601 Lievens, F., & M.M. Harris, 2003. â€Å"Research on Internet Recruiting and Testing: Current Status and Future Directions†. In: C.L. Cooper & I.T. Robertson (Eds.) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. vol. 16., pp. 131-165. Neil, A., 2003. â€Å"Applicant and recruiter reactions to new technology in selection: a critical review and agenda for future research†, International journal of selection and assessment, Vol. 11 (2) Thompson, L. F., P.W. Braddy, and K.L. Wuensch, 2008. E-Recruitment and the Benefits of Organizational Web Appeal. Computers in Human Behavior, 24 (5), 2384-2398. Tourangeau, R., D.M. Steiger & D.Wilson, 2002. â€Å"Self-administered questions by telephone: evaluating interactive voice response†, public opinion quarerly, 6, pp.265-278 Van Hoye, G. and F. Lievens, 2007. â€Å"Investigating Web-Based Recruitment Sources: Employee Testimonials versus Word-of-Mouse†. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15 (4), 372-382.

Taxation Without Rep Dbq

Alex Dib AP History September 24, 2012 Practice DBQ #1Question: To what extent was the demand for no taxation without representation both the primary force motivating the American revolutionary movement and a symbol for democracy? When the colonists came to the Americas, they did so to get away from the restrictive rule of England. Once they arrived, it took many years for them to develop a sense of self-rule, and they cherished and appreciated every moment of it. However, that was all soon to change, as the English got into wars with the French and Spanish.These three dominating European powers got into 4 major wars which would prove to be crucial for the formation of America as we know it today. With these wars, the English debt was mounting, and they didn’t have the money to balance it out. So what’s the next best thing to printing money? Taxing other people so they give you money, of course! When the English taxed the colonies through various Acts, the self-rule of the people was fading. They were doing the bidding for England, the same thing they vowed to get away from and never return to.This is where the phrase â€Å"No taxation without representation† comes into play. It would eventually turn out to be the greatest symbol for democracy, and the motivation for the American Revolution. The French and Indian war was perhaps one of the most crucial and influential wars regarding the shaping of America. The French provoked the war, in the British point of view, by building chains of forts limiting westward expansion on the English colonies. People such as George Washington and General Edward Braddock went in with local militias to break up the French’s progress, but were forced to surrender.The Albany Plan of Union, as developed by Benjamin Franklin, was an idea that proposed the collection of taxes from the various colonies to provide an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops for general defense. This theory was never enacted however, because each colony was too stubborn and jealous of its own taxation powers. This plan did, however, set a precedent for a later, more revolutionary congress in the 1770’s. This war however, was eventually won by the British, who acquired Canada and Florida in the process.Resolved, that a most humble and dutiful Address be presented to his majesty, imploring his royal protection of his faithful subjects, for the people of this colony, in the enjoyment of all their natural and civil rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (A). The king had to do what he had to do in terms of protecting the colonies, as stated by the Resolution of the Virginia House of Burgesses. (However, it is not the specifics of the war that we are interested in per say, this rather just provides a background for what was to come). All four of the wars fought by the English, specifically the last one, were not relatively cost efficient.Britain was in a major debt, and this is where things get tricky . â€Å"Small islands not capable of protecting themselves are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care†¦but it is evident that they belong to different systems. England to Europe: America to itself. † (G) In this document, we observe the philosophical thinking of Thomas Paine. In this excerpt from â€Å"Common Sense†, we observe that Paine believes that England performed its duty by defending the colonies, and shouldn’t burden further them for taxes to pay for their war.On top of the taxation, we see that England feels the need to maintain a permanent military force throughout the colonies to guard the frontiers. King George III and parliament set forth various acts that would prove to limit the colonies representative government. The Sugar Act, also known as the revenue act, placed taxes/duties on foreign sugar and various luxuries. Its main purpose was to raise revenue for the crown, and to provide a strict enforcement against smuggling. Any accused of smuggling would face a trial in court by â€Å"crown appointed judges† without a jury. They have undertaken to give and grant our money without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right to dispose of our own property†¦; for depriving us of the accustomed and inestimable privilege of trial by jury, in cases affecting both life and property. † (F) This immediately limits the self-rule of the colonies, and would later become one of the biggest topics of the Constitution. The Quartering Act required colonists to temporarily house British soldiers, and care to their every need during their stay.Many people were against this act, for it violated a person’s right to privacy within their household. Finally, the Stamp Act came about, which required that revenue stamps be placed on any legal document. This was the first time that taxes were being directly taken from the people, rather than on the goods and from the merchants. After t he passing of this act, all hell breaks loose throughout the colonies. People gathered and protested, often violently, in which they destroyed British imports, boycotted the purchase of certain products, and attacked the English in any way they knew how.The Sons and Daughters of Liberty was created, which was a secret and violent organization which was used to intimidate and harass tax collectors. England was forced to repeal the Stamp Act, because of the incredible loss of profit. â€Å"A right to impose an internal tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single purpose of revenue, is denied†¦ (C) Daniel Dulany, from the Considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes in the British Colonies, writes as to support the statement â€Å"No taxation without representation†.This phrase is, in a sense, the birthplace of democracy; it is the foundations on which this nation stands today. One of the fundamental human rights is the opportunity for self-rule, and it is now evident that America would not have been as successful as it is today without the protestors and boycotters and founding fathers that stood up for the colonies in times of near overthrow. This phrase is without a doubt the primary force that motivated the American Revolution, and a universal symbol of democracy throughout the land.