Case study of two cultures Essay Example For Students

Contextual investigation of two societies Essay It is difficult for her to comprehend why westerners don't accomplish more to help one another and why when help is offered do we not acknowledge it without any problem. Alice considers everyone to be family and thinks that its difficult to live in zones where there is a low feeling of network, Alice experiences serious difficulties coordinating with these sorts of social orders and says she is a lot more joyful living in Bali than Australia since it is like her own way of life and ethnicity. She clarifies that it is difficult to get a handle on why a few times individuals think they owe something when somebody has helped them, she says that is the thing that you need a greater amount of in this culture, individuals need to comprehend that at some stage we as a whole need assistance from somebody and we ought to have the option to give without waiting be reimbursed and we ought to have the option to get with out agonizing over reimbursing (Alice Bebe, individual meeting, March 22, 2010). Airini clarifies that her way of life has been extraordinarily influenced by her ethnic foundation. Her dear companions are predominately from New Zealand or Samoan and every last bit of her companions enjoy their ethnic foundations. In spite of the fact that she recognizes herself as Australian and adores the Australian culture she says she fits into a sub bunch which is fundamentally distinguished by her ethnic foundation. I love Australia and the manner in which individuals are here, yet I feel generally comfortable with individuals that share my social information, we like to do things the customary way and I find that in Australia there isnt numerous genuine Aussie conventions aside from possibly from tossing a shrimp on the BBQ and having a brew or two. I feel that my customs give me a sentiment of wealth in knowing who I am. I dont think any less of individuals that dont follow my conventions, on the off chance that anything I feel frustrated about certain individuals that I think simply get somewhat lost since they have no strong base of who they are(Airini Manaia, individual meeting, March 22, 2010). How Culture Impacts on their Interaction with Others Often in the public eye people groups culture and ethnic foundations Within this article a contextual analysis has been given looking at the similitudes and contrasts between two social foundations. An investigation on points of view of culture has been given. An assessment of what these viewpoints mean for a person in an alternate society has been performed, additionally the exposition takes a gander at how social orders can and do, manage social decent variety. This data was sourced from two interviewees. Foundation data has been given on every interviewee and their point of view on culture was clarified. A portrayal of how culture has affected on the beneficial encounters and conviction frameworks of every interviewee was investigated. The manner in which culture impacts on every interviewee connections with others will be depicted. A few proposals with respect to limiting the effect of social partitions were provided. At long last a conversation looking at the social experience and similitudes and contrasts between the two meetings have been given. All through the exposition significant references were given to connect thoughts to hypothesis and fortify contentions. References Bolstead, R. Hamblett, M. (2001). Traveling Communication. NZ: PearsonEducation John, O. Pervin, L. A. (2001). Character: hypothesis and research (eighth ed). New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Kosslyn, S. Rosenberg, R. (2001). Brain science: the cerebrum, the individual and the world. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc. Matsumoto, D. , Juang, L. , (2008). Culture and brain research (fourth ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Van Kreiken, Smith, Habibis, McDonald, Haralambous Holbourn, (2000) Sociology subjects and points of view (second Ed), NSW, Pearson Education.

The Outsiders

The Outsiders by S. E Hinton, the creator contends that valor characterizes an individual by their activities not by their experience, history, or looks. The occasions at the congregation, the episodes that occurred before the congregation and the repercussions all show the progressions that occurred after some time that would in the long run refute Ponyboys history and foundation and view him as a hero.There are various purposes of bravery in the story and various types of eroism in the story yet for the time being we are going to take a gander at the most significant three, Cherry going about as a government agent, Ponyboy saving the children and what he was characterized by before he was a legend. Ponyboy is a lot of characterized as a saint after the occasions that occurred at the congregation where he saved every one of those children from death by getting them out of the consuming church. He outed of fearlessness and graciousness and was adulated as a saint for it. â€Å"Mrs.O 'briant and I think you were sent directly from paradise. Or on the other hand would you say you are Just expert saints or something? Sent from paradise? Had he gotten a decent glance at Dallas? â€Å"No were greasers† I said. I was excessively stressed and terrified to value the way that he was attempting to be amusing. mfou're what? † â€Å"Greasers you know as id hoods. Johnny is needed for homicide, and Dallas has a record with the fluff a mile long. â€Å"(95). The statement present here identifies with the topic and clarifies the emergency vehicle driver neglecting his past and as yet valuing him as a hero.The creator is placing accentuation on the valor in the statement and that regardless of what foundation legends ome from, they are viewed for their activities and the equivalent applied for Ponyboy and what he accomplished for those children. The explanation that he was viewed as a saint was a result of his activities, yet what was he characterized as before the congregation? He was a greaser, Just your normal consistently greaser who was viewed as a hood, a criminal, and Juvenile reprobate to society. â€Å"It was my pride. It was long and luxurious, Just like soft drinks just a smidgen redder.Our hair was tuff †we didn't need to utilize a lot of oil on it. Our hair named us greasers too †it was our trademark. The one thing we were pleased with. Perhaps we couldn't corvairs or madras shirts, yet we could have hair. † Ponyboys pride was his hair and that is the thing that he believed himself to be characterized by. It was a difficult change for him to make when he needed to cut it off. At the point when Johnny advised ponyboy that he is going to trim their hair ponyboy answered by expressing the past statement. Ponyboy could have been characterized as a saint before the occasions at the congregation in an alternate manner and from an alternate perspective.He could be a legend in Johnnys eyes or staying with him since th e time he killed the Socs Bob to him lying in his passing bed. He is a legend for remaining by his companions through the great and the awful. In spite of the fact that Ponyboy is the most outstanding saint in the story there are other people who did different things, for example, Cherry going about as a government agent for the Greases and giving them information. At long last the entirety of the various accounts of bravery in the story all relate back to the primary topic chivalry is characterized by your activities not by your experience, history, or looks. The Outsiders By Pancakewaffe The Outsiders Quest for Self Conflict emerges between two unique social gatherings, bringing about appalling passings. In the novel The Outsiders by S. E Hint, two separate groups, the Soc and Greasers, are at steady dispute. The Outsiders happens In Oklahoma, the sass's. Insight utilizes the character, Pony Curtis to clarify why It doesn't make a difference what social position you are In. The message she Is attempting to get across to the perusers Is you are your own individual, and you don't need to be delegated any other individual yet yourself.Throughout the novel Pony turns out to be progressively advanced, by figuring out how to reaffirm is own qualities and feeling of self. He logically develops through the course of the novel from multiple points of view by encountering things he would have never envisioned experiencing. Horse never appreciated the young ladies that were Greasers however one night he found the young lady he had always wanted. Tragically, she was a Soc and she had various guidelines for her sentimental partner. Horse knows his situation in the public arena yet that never kept him away from succumbing to the tasty Cherry Valance.Heartbreaking for him, she was a greater amount of the young lady to succumb to â€Å"bad-boys† dissimilar to Pony. It wasn't Johnny's shortcoming Bob was a liquor dog and Cherry went for young men destined for By the finish of the novel, Pony at last goes to the acknowledgment of considering Cherry all the more a companion, as opposed to having sentimental expressions of love for her. He shows affectability and comprehension by valuing their disparities and tolerating her sentiments towards him. A second way Pony has changed is by learning the results of his own slip-ups and wrong doings.After Running ceaselessly was consistently Pony preeminent theory on finding a spot he felt affirmation, â€Å"Come on, Johnny, we're running )After getting back home late, his more established defensive sibling Dairy, who has assumed control over obligation of Pony and Soda after their folks died, is irate with him. Because of his shock, he winds up hitting Pony. Crushed, Pony flees, and depends on one of the posse individuals to stay up with the latest on what Is happening. He Is then stuck In a surrendered church starving for news to originate from his confidant.As a consequence of his activities, Pony figures out how large of an Impact his loved ones have n him. The greatest effect that changed Pony all through the novel was the acknowledgment of his sibling's sentiments towards him. In the start of the novel, Pony is insubordinate against his most established sibling Dairy, â€Å"Me and Dairy simply didn't burrow one another. â€Å"(p. 13)He felt like Dairy was distinctly out to get after him, and that Pony was rarely remarkable enough. Despite the fact that Dairy is stricter than their folks, he was just attempting to make the best of Pony, which he arrived at acknowledge toward the end. Dairy cared abou t me, possibly as much as he thought about Soda, and in light of the fact that he eared he was making a decent attempt to make a big deal about me. â€Å"(p. 98)After attempting to shut Dairy out, Pony at last made sense of it for himself subsequent to seeing the desolation he has gotten Dairy through.

Common Risk Factors Associated With Panic Disorder

Common Risk Factors Associated With Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Diagnosis Print Panic Disorder Risk Factors By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 26, 2019 Paul Bradbury/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Coping Related Conditions Numerous factors have been found to increase the risk of having panic disorder, panic attacks, and agoraphobia. However, these risk factors are not  the causes of panic disorder. Rather, risk factors for panic disorder describe specific characteristics that are commonly associated with developing this condition. Common risk factors include a person’s gender, age, medical history, family environment, and life experiences. Even though studies have found that certain risk factors are linked to the development of panic disorder, it does not mean that they are the causes of panic disorder. Rather, risk factors only indicate a relationship between a mental health disorder and a particular trait. Here are some of the frequently observed risk factors associated with panic disorder. DSM-5 Criteria for Diagnosing Panic Disorder Age The age of onset for panic disorder is frequently between late adolescence and early adulthood. Even though panic disorder typically develops between the ages of 18 and 35, it is still possible to occur any time throughout the lifespan. Although far less common, panic disorder can develop in childhood or late adulthood. It is also possible to experience panic disorder on and off across one’s life. For example, a person can have recurring and unexpected panic attacks for several months, followed by several years in which they do not experience any symptoms. Panic Disorder Can Occur Early in Adolescence Gender As mentioned, women are more prone to developing anxiety disorders than men. Panic disorder, in particular, is even more prevalent in women. Women are at almost twice the risk for panic disorder than men. Personality Research has shown that there is some correlation between children with more fearful, anxious, or nervous personality types and later development of panic disorder. There are some ways that parents can help decrease the risk of their children developing an anxiety disorder. However, the cause of panic disorder is unknown and many mental health specialists agree that it is most likely caused by a complex combination of environmental, biological, and psychological factors. How Perfectionism Can Contribute to Anxiety Family Environment There are certain family traits that have shown a relationship with panic disorder. In particular, parents who model anxiety, are overly demanding, and expect perfectionism may be at some risk of having children who develop anxiety disorders later in life. However, adults with panic disorder have been raised in various types of homes and family dynamics. Genetics There is a strong link between panic disorder and familial patterns. People with a close biological family member with panic disorder are up to 8 times more like to develop the condition themselves. These numbers can increase depending on the age of onset of the disorder. If a family member developed panic disorder before the age of 20 years old, first-degree biological relatives are up to 20 times more likely to have panic disorder. Despite these overwhelming statistics, research has indicated that up to a half or more of people with panic disorder do not have close relatives that have also developed this condition. Life Events It has been suggested that stressful life events can contribute to the onset of panic disorder. Stressful life events can include difficult life experiences, such as the death of a loved one, loss of a job, or divorce. Some life transitions that bring a great deal of change to our lives can also cause a lot of stress, such as getting married, moving, having a baby, or retiring. Research has also indicated that experiencing a traumatic event, such as being the victim of physical or sexual abuse, has a higher correlation with panic disorder. It is also possible to experience panic attacks during a stressful life event, but then never experience them again. For example, a person who is a victim of a crime or experiences a natural disaster may have a panic attack during that event. To be diagnosed with panic disorder, a person would need to have recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. Co-Occurring Conditions Many people with panic disorder also struggle with feelings of overall worry, anxiety, and sadness. Other typical co-occurring conditions include: DepressionSocial anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderSpecific phobiaObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A person with panic disorder is also at risk of developing agoraphobia. This condition involves a fear of having a panic attack in a place or situation in which escape would be potentially challenging or humiliating. Agoraphobia can occur at any time following persistent panic attacks. However, a person with panic disorder typically develops agoraphobia within the first year of repeated panic attacks. How to Help Teens With Agoraphobia and Panic Disorder

How to Construct a Blooms Taxonomy Assessment

Blooms Taxonomy is a method created by Benjamin Bloom to categorize the levels of reasoning skills that students use for active learning. There are six levels of Blooms Taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Many teachers write their assessments in the lowest two levels of the taxonomy. However, this will often not show whether the students have truly integrated the new knowledge. One interesting method that can be used to make sure that all six levels are used is to create an assessment based entirely on the levels of Blooms Taxonomy. However, before doing this, it is essential that students are given background information and knowledge about the levels of the taxonomy. Introducing Students to Blooms Taxonomy The first step in preparing students is to introduce them to Blooms Taxonomy. After presenting the levels with examples of each to the students, teachers should have them practice the information. A fun way to do this is to have students create questions on an interesting topic in each level of the taxonomy. For example, they could write six questions based on a popular television show like The Simpsons. Have the students do this as part of whole group discussions. Then have them provide sample answers as a way to help guide them to the types of answers you are seeking. After presenting the information and practicing it, the teacher should then provide them with an opportunity to practice using the material being taught in class. For example, after teaching about magnetism, the teacher could go through six questions, one for each level, with the students. Together, the class can construct appropriate answers as a way to help students see what will be expected of them when they complete a Blooms Taxonomy assessment on their own. Creating the Blooms Taxonomy Assessment The first step in creating the assessment is to be clear on what the students should have learned from the lesson being taught. Then pick a singular topic and ask questions based on each of the levels. Here is an example using the prohibition era as the topic for an American History class. Knowledge Question: Define prohibition.Comprehension Question: Explain the relationship of each of the following to prohibition:18th Amendment21st AmendmentHerbert HooverAl CaponeWomans Christian Temperance UnionApplication Question: Could the methods that proponents of the temperance movement be used in a bid to create a Smoking Prohibition Amendment? Explain your answer.Analysis Question: Compare and contrast the motives of temperance leaders with those of doctors in the fight over prohibition.Synthesis Question: Create a poem or song that could have been used by temperance leaders to argue for the passage of the 18th Amendment.Evaluation Question: Evaluate prohibition in terms of its effects on the American economy. Students have to answer six different questions, one from each level of Blooms Taxonomy. This spiraling of knowledge shows a greater depth of understanding on the students part. Grading the Assessment When giving students an assessment like this, the more abstract questions should be awarded additional points. To fairly grade these questions, it is important that you create an effective rubric. Your rubric should allow students to earn partial points depending on how complete and accurate their questions are. One great way to make it more interesting for students is to give them some choice, especially in the upper-level questions. Give them two or three choices for each level so that they can choose the question that they feel most confident in answering correctly.

The Afterlife Of Ancient Greece - 1955 Words

The Afterlife of the Ancient Greeks A Classical-Styled Argument Katie Vokes ENGL17889GD Jennifer Chambers December 12, 2015 The Afterlife of Ancient Greece Where do we go when we die? This is a question that most people—spiritual or not—ask themselves at least once within their lifetime. In reality, this question is likely to never be answered, but is nevertheless an exciting area for study. Every culture, every religion and every individual person has some type of theory or belief on what happens to us after our bodies meet their final rest, and the ancient Greeks were no exception to this. The ancient Greek view on life after death is the most interesting to study, and belongs to perhaps one of the most influential belief systems to emerge within the ancient world. Rife with mythology and magic, the beliefs of the afterlife that were held by the ancient Greek people included the idea of a heaven vs. hell, reincarnation and the notion of ‘katabasis’, and were so powerful they paved the way for future religions’ ideologies. The ancient Greeks were a highly superstitious and spiritual people. As the Gree ks had no written book or scripture of their faith, it can be assumed that the ancient peoples lived their lives based on the stories told within their mythology. Mythology was used for various reasons, the three major ones being as a cosmogony, as etiological stories to explain otherwise unexplainable phenomena, and as a means to deter mortals fromShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Ancient Egypt And Ancient Greece1103 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Egypt (3000 BCE – 30 BCE) and Ancient Greece (1200 BCE – 146 BCE) based their entire lives around their religious beliefs. These beliefs led to their religious practices which were included in every aspect of their lives. Since ancient Greece’s and ancient Egypt’s beliefs differ greatly, endless differences can be shown between their religious practices. However, between the two cultures, many surprising similarities can be seen in these religious practices despite the tremendous differencesRead MoreEssay abo ut Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece903 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece† According to history there existed two of many important ancient civilizations that left a significant mark in the history of human development that even today leaves modern society in awe of its greatness. In spite of being distant civilizations, Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece share similarities and difference in terms of how they practiced religion,political structure, everyday life style, and how they built the monumental architectures that continued to amazeRead MoreThe Superstitious And Mythical Figure Of The Vampire988 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the dead and lives of the living, by draining humans of their blood, until a it is impaled by a wooden stick or burned. In ancient history we see the myth of the vampire appearing in burial traditions, showing vast similarities to the modern day definition of the vampire. We see this appear in various cultures and regions like the Tibetans, ancient Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome (Wotherspoon, 6-8). In The Tibetan Book of the Dead, it is explained by Lama Kazi Dawa that, they believe if a spiritRead MoreThe Eleusinian Mysteries Of Ancient Greece1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe Eleusinian Mysteries Religion is interwoven in the social, cultural and economic life of all civilisations and Ancient Greece was no exception. Typically, most religion in Ancient Greece was civic in nature, however, in the fifth century B.C., mystery religions began to gain popularity. Shrouded in secrecy, the mystery religions provided a more personal approach to religion, fascinating initiates and capturing the imagination of the Greek populace. The most popular of these mystery cults wasRead MoreThe Greek And Greek Culture1674 Words   |  7 Pagesfocused in on the Persian Wars. Greece defeated the persians, but Egypt did not which is a pretty interesting fact. In my essay I am going to try and find out how much different the Greek Culture is from the Egyptian. Values were important to people in both countries, just in a different form. In greece Gods play a huge role in the religious aspect of life, it is almost similar in Egypt considering they both share Gods in a way, Egypt has some of the same Gods as Greece. The majority of the Gods namesRead MoreThe City Of Ancient Greece1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe city-states of ancient Greece were at constant strife with each other. They utterly detested each other and were solely independent. However, many factors unified the Greeks, loosely, at all times, and they even brought the Greeks together at times. These factors came to be because of their similarities of traditions and beliefs. Language, religion, and athletics were all results of these factors. Language unified because everyone would understand what was being said by anyone, and athleticsRead MoreGreek Material Culture1348 Words   |  6 Pagessay, and prove, that Greek material culture reveals an immense amount about ancient Greek society. From vast studies and examinations of the great ancient Greek architecture, the immaculate fine art and literature and even the personal possessions and crafts of the societies own inhabitants, one can reason that these materials reflect much about ancient Greece and its people. From studying the architecture of this ancient society, one can assume various things about its inhabitants such as beliefsRead More Exploring The Four Ancient Civilizations- Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Israel1009 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the beginning of history, people from across the land gradually developed numerous cultures, each unique in some ways while the same time having features in common. Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Israel are all important to the history of the world because of religious, social, political and economic development. In the first civilization, both Mesopotamia and Egypt relied on a hunter-gatherer economic system, during that time, every country in the world strived on it. MesopotamiaRead MoreGrave stele of a little girl1605 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Grave stele of a little girl Stephanie Sjaastad Nancy Catandella HWA 160L 112 18 November 2013 Ancient Greek art is something to be admired; the accuracy of the figures, compared to Egyptian art is commendable. The art works show great depths of emotion and detail. The â€Å"Grave stele of a little girl† is a beautiful relief of what appears to be a small child holding two birds. The forearm resembles a young child’s arm because it seems that the â€Å"baby fat†Read MoreWhy people choose religion882 Words   |  4 Pageswith that, then there is no point to the war. It is difficult to say when and what the first religion ever was especially without the technology we have today. That being said, one of the brightest civilizations, Ancient Greece, had types of religious behavior. In Ancient Greece, things happened in nature and no one knew what was happening. Then there was the birth of Greek Mythology. They had a God or Goddess for everything in nature and stories to go along with everything that happened in nature

Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay Free Essays

Today ‘s people are much more cognizant about nutrient safety and quality than past. Due to nutrient borne unwellness eruption and merchandise callback besides suffered 1000000s of lbs economic losingss in nutrient industry. Major grounds for these failure are botching, alterations in the equipment, add-on of wrong ingredients, preparation procedure, formula or readying pattern, jobs in packaging, deficiency of attending to detail every bit good as malicious taint. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A physical belongings that may do a nutrient to be insecure for human ingestion are known as physical jeopardy. Usually occurs in nutrient premises and may do serious unwellness. It could be happen by natural stuffs like bone, tegument, connective tissue or by extrinsic stuffs like foreign organic structures such as glass, plastic, pieces of metal, wood, paper every bit good as insect infestation. The presence of foreign organic structures like glass and rodent dungs in nutrient is a greater concern as it breakdown hygiene. It may be brought into nutrient premises with the natural stuffs or acquire introduce during any processing phase. Foreign stuffs get into nutrient accidentally for case pieces of metal in mince meat or of course occurring objects for illustration castanetss in fish that are see menace to the consumer. In nutrient processing installations, most common beginnings found are bottles, jars, bulbs, light fixtures, utensils, gage screens, glass containers and glass nutrient containers. Usually it may do cuts, shed blooding that may necessitate sometimes surgery to happen or take this physical jeopardy. To avoid this hazard nutrient industry should minimise utilizing of ordinary glass. Dials and gages on equipment should be perfect. Besides, they should hold a glass policy particularly to manage with breakage spectacless. Possibly, nutrient readying should halt in instance of serious breakage event. Contaminated nutrient must be discarded. By ocular review, nutrient container may look into for any broken parts of glass. It should be guarantee that the country is cleaned and free from broken spectacless before get downing nutrient preperation. Food animal trainer requires proper preparation and direction as if they can response right. Furthermore, to observe glass from nutrient in nutrient industry, optical scanners, x-ray machines, screens, filters and air separation system can use. Furthermore, blaring with air or lavation, inverting, is necessary to minimise the hazard being present in a container merely prior to make fulling. Wood: Common beginnings of wood found in edifices, boxes, Fieldss, wooden palettes or wooden construction used to supermarket and retailer. Besides might be associate with natural stuff transit and merchandise processing industry. It may do cuts, infection, choking. Soft wood should be take from production premises. Wooden containers used for transporting natural stuffs should be phased out. Over unfastened nutrient palettes should non be dual stacked. Rock: Field harvests for illustration lentil, garden peas and beans contain small rocks that may picked up at reaping period. Rocks can besides acquire introduce with nutrients from floor. Plastics: Common beginnings of plastic include boxing stuff, utensils used for cleansing, palettes, baseball mitts worn by nutrient animal trainer. It may do choking, cuts, infection. Metallic element: Common beginnings are machinery, Fieldss, wire and employees. It may do infection, cuts. INSECT AND OTHER FILTH: Cultivation land, works post-process entry are the beginnings of insect infestation. it may do unwellness, injury, choking. Jewelry: Pens, pencils, buttons, careless nutrient animal trainer patterns can be include. It may do cuts, infection etc. Bones: Common beginnings are Fieldss, improper processing works. It may do choking and injury. INSULAION: Common beginnings are constructing stuff. It may do choking, long-run if asbestos. OTHERS: Common beginnings are basics, composition board, fabric, fiber, threading so on. Particular attention is necessary when nutrient deliver in assorted container like paper pokes, boxes and tease board.After taking threading from hessian pokes should instantly be placed in appropriate container to avoid taint. It may do choking and dental harm like dentitions broken. Natural Material: In nutrient processing variable nature of natural stuff quality may be a important job. Natural stuffs can be a of import beginning of immaterial affair and nutrient makers use a scope of screening, cleansing and rating operations to take out the jeopardy stuff. In industry of frozen peas for case, metal prison guards, coffin nail terminals, chaffs, rocks, sticks, caterpillars and soil frequently associate with the vined peas as they arrived at the processing industry. Control step should hold specification to detail maximal allowable degrees of taint in the incoming natural stuffs. By holding specifications with all providers and monitoring and measuring the provider public presentation in run intoing the specifications, the company has an positive tool in minimising the hazard by immaterial affair. Before utilizing natural stuffs, cleaning or rinsing and review may necessary. Most physical taint has to be removed by employee as the veggies pass along an lighted review belt. Food production should be filteed liquid and pulverizations sieved, filters screens and screens should be every bit all right as possible and must be cleaned and checked often. Worn equipment should replaced. Wooden-framed screens are normally non accepted Packaging Material: Packaging is besides a beginning of immaterial affair in the signifier of warehouse and conveyance dirt/dust, wood from the palettes, paper and polythene strips from over wraps and a assortment of insects and even gnawers. containers ( tins, jars, bottles and fictile pots ) may be used straight foe make fulling with mineral cleansing and any rogue stuff in the container ( metal matchwoods, glass, soil, insects, etc. ) may stop up in the terminal merchandise. Effective WAY FOR CONTROLLING PHYSICAL HAZARDS: To develope, physical jeopardy designation plan in the nutrient industry, processors have to roll up elaborate information for every phase of each nutrient processing and their beginning. Significant physical jeopardies can be found by detecting each procedure phase during all phases of its processing at the industry factory.After placing jeopardies, an effectual plan can run to pull off and cut down these hazards of serious happening.Tools of the overall plan include carefully throughout Hazard analysis and critical control point ( HACCP ) , sanitation, care and Good fabrication pattern ( GMP ) programsI? effectual microbiological and chemical confirmation testing, systematic procedures validation both yearly and when alterations occurI? regular employee trainingI? and merchandise design and packaging schemes that should carefully take into history both the possible jeopardies that have been identified and the consequences of possible maltreatment of the merchandise. Auditing agenda must be designed to happen out failings in all of these countries. Identified Critical Control Points ( CCP ‘s ) are critical, and this information must be used to implement apropriate control of the procedure. Furthermore, regular scrutinizing on this information should happen in order to guarantee betterment bit by bit. Besides, to overlook possible jeopardies, or neglect to execute confirmation measurings where needed can take to disaster really fast. Commercial research labs are besides a possible resource to supply way and input to understand, implement, and utilize these tools. This aid can come in the signifier of microbiological and chemical analysis, proof testing, merchandise testing, audits, consulti-ng services from HACCP ­trained expertness, and customized on ­site preparation pertinent to the sector of the nutrient industry that provides maximal benefit to employees and installation. Standard operating processs ( SOPs ) to minimise hazards of physical jeopardies. †¢ Wearing hair cyberspaces to minimise the chance for hair associate into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing nail Polish or unreal nails. Polish can flake off and fall into nutrient, and unreal nails can come loose and autumn into nutrient. †¢ Avoid utilizing rings with rocks or earrings that could integrate into nutrient. Pay particular attending to the nutrient during readying to place physical contaminations. †¢ Take attention to take and fling all packaging from nutrient. †¢ Remove all castanetss when deboning poulet or other meats. †¢ Look for possible contaminations. For illustration, dry beans must be sorted prior to rinsing to take rocks that may be at that place from crop. †¢ Remove any toothpicks that might be used in nutrient readying. Maintain, clean and usage equipment decently. †¢ Clean and sanitise equipment and utensils after use each clip. †¢ Clean blades of can openers after usage to guarantee that metal shaves do non roll up. †¢ Use merely commercial ice scoops when acquiring ice from an ice machine or assigning ice. †¢ Puting shields on visible radiations. †¢ Shatterproof visible radiation bulbs can be usage. Decision: In decision it can be said to cut down hazard of major nutrient incidents, which cause human unwellness and major economic loss, it is of import to place and understand the possible jeopardies by the nutrient provider. It is their duty to place and minimise jeopardies in the nutrient that they produce or serve. Effective and possible schemes and control steps must be developed to minimise the jeopardies. A procedure should be placed that is well-designed, wellmanaged and capable to regular reappraisal theis at the lowest hazard for critical failures. Overall, an effectual quality control system is the most cost effectual manner to run for the primaryproducer, and consequences in the greatest possible satisfaction for the consumers benefit from the quality of the product.So, supplier quality confidence, good fabrication procedure and preparation installations in nutrient industry among nutrient animal trainer could be effectual safety direction tools. Furthermore, to place any importa nt physical jeopardy or critical control point, nutrient industry should construct a HACCP squad and behavior by flow diagram for the each processing phase. Auditing besides can be How to cite Safety Management Tools Used By The Food Industry Health Essay, Essay examples

Should Kids be exposed Essays - Education, LGBT, Gender

Should Kids be exposed: Unfortunately name-calling and using anti-gay slurs starts as early as kindergarten, first- and second-grades. In the film you can see children at a very young age have already been introduced to information about LGBT people, which is often based on misinformation and negative stereotypes. When teachers are silent about gay and lesbian people, students learn from this omission that it is acceptable to use anti-gay put-downs. Anti-gay slurs are hurtful and unacceptable and they affect the lives of people in every school and community. Teachers are not introducing a new topic, they are helping young students understand bias and prejudice and learn to use respectful language. Educators are creating inclusive school communities that prevent name-calling, teasing and bullying and provide safe learning environments for all children. Do parents and guardians need to be notified if LGBT people or families are discussed in the classroom? In many school districts, there are guidelines about what classroom activities require parent/guardian notification. Most school districts do not have a requirement for notifying parents and guardians for lessons about respect and diversity. In fact, many districts require schools to be proactive in addressing bias and prejudice and ensuring students safety. Discussions related to sexuality and reproduction are examples of topics that often require parental permission. But these topics are not a part of the curriculum advocated in It's Elementary-Talking About Gay Issues In School. The focus of LGBT-inclusive education is to create respectful and welcoming learning environments for all children by communicating that LGBT people are part of our communities and that anti-LGBT discrimination is harmful to everyone. However, we strongly recommend involving parents and guardians as part of school-wide efforts to be more inclusive. As important members of the school community, families can help reinforce the concepts of respect at home, help answer questions, assist in classroom discussions and be actively engaged in making the school and community safe for all children and their families. Can parents/guardians "opt out" of their children's participation in school instruction that includes LGBT-inclusive lessons? Most school districts have limited and clear guidelines about offering parents and guardians the right to have their children "opt out" of specific school instruction. Programs that are designed to encourage respect and address bias typically are not included in "opt out" policies. By not including all students in LGBT-inclusive lessons, schools run the risk of conveying a message that it is somehow acceptable to engage in hurtful and disrespectful behavior when it comes to LGBT people. We strongly discourage schools from allowing students to miss lessons where people and families-not sexual practices-are discussed. Often times those students are among those who might benefit the most from being with thIs talking about LGBT issues the same as sex education?

Ancestry of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Ancestry of Martin Luther King, Jr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 January 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia to a long line of preachers. His father, Martin Luther King, Sr. was a pastor for the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. His maternal grandfather, the Reverend Adam Daniel Williams, was famous for his fiery sermons. His great-grandfather, Willis Williams, was a slave-era preacher. Family Tree of Martin Luther King Jr. This family tree uses the Ahnentafel Genealogical Numbering System. First Generation: 1. Martin Luther King Jr. was born Michael L. King on 15 January 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, and was assassinated on 4 April 1968 during a visit to Memphis, Tennessee. In 1934, his father perhaps inspired by a visit to the birthplace of Protestantism in Germany is said to have changed his name and that of his son to Martin Luther King. Martin Luther King Jr. married Coretta Scott King (27 April 1927 - 1 January 2006) on 18 June 1953 on the lawn of her parents home in Marion, Alabama. The couple had four children: Yolanda Denise King (b. 17 November 1955), Martin Luther King III (b. 23 October 1957), Dexter Scott King (b. 30 January 1961) and Bernice Albertine King (b. 28 March 1963). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was laid to rest in the historically black South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, but his remains were later moved to a tomb located on the grounds of the King Center, adjacent to Ebenezer Baptist Church. Second Generation (Parents): 2. Michael KING, often called Daddy King was born on 19 Dec 1899 in Stockbridge, Henry County, Georgia and died of a heart attack on 11 November 1984 in Atlanta, Georgia. He is buried with his wife at South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. 3. Alberta Christine WILLIAMS was born on 13 September 1903 in Atlanta, Georgia. She was shot to death on 30 June 1974 while she played the organ at Sunday service at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, and is buried with her husband in South-View Cemetery in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther KING Sr. and Alberta Christine WILLIAMS were married on 25 November 1926 in Atlanta, Georgia, and had the following children: i. Willie Christine KING was born 11 September 1927 and married Isaac FARRIS, Sr.1 ii. Martin Luther KING, Jr.iii. Alfred Daniel Williams KING was born 30 July 1930, married Naomi BARBER, and died 21 July 1969. The Rev. A. D. King is buried in South-View Cemetery, Atlanta, Georgia. Third Generation (Grandparents): 4. James Albert KING was born about December 1864 in Ohio. He died on 17 November 1933 in Atlanta, Georgia, four years after the birth of his grandson, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 5. Delia LINSEY was born about July 1875 in Henry County, Georgia, and died 27 May 1924. James Albert KING and Delia LINSEY were married 20 August 1895 in Stockbridge, Henry County, Georgia and had the following children: i. Woodie KING born abt. April 18962. ii. Michael KINGiii. Lucius KING was born abt. Sept. 1899 and died before 1910.iv. Lenora KING was born abt. 1902v.Cleo KING was born abt. 1905vi. Lucila KING was born abt. 1906vii. James KING Jr was born abt. 1908viii. Rubie KING was born abt. 1909 6. Rev. Adam Daniel WILLIAMS was born on the 2 January 1863 in Penfield, Greene County, Georgia to slaves Willis and Lucretia Williams. and died 21 March 1931. 7. Jenny Celeste PARKS was born about April 1873 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia and died of a heart attack on 18 May 1941 in Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia. Adam Daniel WILLIAMS and Jenny Celeste PARKS were married on 29 October 1899 in Fulton County, Georgia, and had the following children: 3. i. Alberta Christine WILLIAMS

How to Do Well on ACT Science for Non-Science People

How to Do Well on ACT Science for Non-Science People SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips ACT Science is really a misnomer.The test should be called the â€Å"reading with very confusing big words and tricky visuals† section.The reason ACT Science does not force you to memorize AP level Bio or complete IB Physics HL problems is that not everyone takes all of that math in high school. For ACT Science to be a fair standardized test for all high school students, the test asks you about basic science concepts in tricky or confusing ways. If you're one of those people who runs away from Math and Science Questions or considers themselves a writer or artistrather than a scientist or mathematician, do not fear! You can still get a 36 on ACT Science. The keys to success on ACT Science for non-science people are: Focusing only on what you need to know and practicing those skills, specifically: Scientific Method The 13 topics the ACT Science section expects you to know Reading visuals Avoiding the science terms Focusing on the reading aspect I'll delve into these three topics below. Focusing Only on What You Need to Know and Practicing Those Skills As I mentioned above, there is very, very little actual science you need to understand for ACT Science. However, you do need to have a basic understanding of these three categories. Scientific Method This is the basis for all of the passages in the ACT Science section.I will give you a basic summary of the scientific method, and you can read more about it in my Experimental Design question article.Scientists use the scientific method for all experiments. Scientists begin by observing something they want to study such as the freezing point of water. They notice water freezes somewhere between -5 and 5 degrees Celsius and want to know at exactly what temperature it will happen.Scientists then make a prediction or a hypothesis about what will happen. These scientists predict that the water will freeze at 1 degree Celsius. Scientists then conduct an experiment to test this hypothesis. To conduct an experiment, scientists use independent variables and dependent variable.The variables that the scientists actively change are the independent variables. The variables that they then observe are the dependent variables.In this case, the scientists put 5 g of water into freezers. Each freezer is set to a different measurement: -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 degrees Celsius. The freezer temperature is the independent variable.After 2 hours, the scientists check each freezer and note whether the water in the freezer is solid or liquid. Liquid or solid is the dependent variable. Scientists then draw a conclusion from the results.The scientists find that all water at or below 0 degrees Celsius froze while all water at or above 1 degree Celsius remained a liquid.So, their hypothesis was incorrect. Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius. ACT Science Tip: You do not need to memorize the steps of the scientific method to ace the ACT Science section.You just need to understand that Scientists are looking to see how a change in one thing affects the outcome. How a change in the independent variable affects the dependent variable.You need to be able to distinguish between these variables on the test.Check out our Experimental Design article for more practice on this topic. The 13 Topics ACT Science Expect You to Know There are 13 science topics that the ACT Science section expects you to know, ranging from basic cell biology to how gravity works.There will only be 4 questions per test on these topics (out of 40 questions), and the ACT will not give you information on these topics in the passage.Check out this previous knowledge question below: In order to answer this question, you need to use the information from the passage, that â€Å"A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei.†On top of this information, you need to know that protons are positively charged and like charges repel each other.So, the answer is G. I wrote an entire article covering all13 topics: check it out here.Make flashcards for each topic and drill them until you know them.If you are looking to score a 30 or below on ACT Science, do not stress too much about memorizing these topics as you could get all 4 questions wrong and still score around a 30. Instead, focuson the next skill covered, as it is the most tested: Reading Visuals This is the key to success on all ACT Science Passages.This is the most tested skill on the ACT Science section.Learn the basics of reading graphs and other visuals through our article on Factual Questions: How to Read Graphs, Tables and Data.Continue to practice this skill by taking ACT Science Practice Tests: check out our article on where to find the best practice tests. Avoiding the Science Terms As I said before, ACT Science is really a misnomer.You DO NOT need to comprehend the large science terms used in the passages.If you do need to know it to answer a question, the passage will explain what it means. See the example below: You can see in this passage they give you definitions for most of the terms: refracted, seismograph, focus, shadowzone, the types of seismic waves, the difference between p and s waves. When the ACT Science section doesn’t give you the definition of a word, don’t sweat it.Think of ACT Science questions as a matching game.You see a word you don’t understand in the question like average change in AGTB, and you match the word to its partner in the visuals: You never actually have to explain what it means. DO NOT stress over these big terms.Think of them as placeholders. Focus on the Reading Aspect As I’ve said many times, ACT Science is not really a science test; it is a reading test.So if you are a writer/artist, who loves to read, focus on that aspect.Think of it as reading section #2 where you happen to read about science experiments or studies.Read our article on The Best Strategies for Reading ACT Science Passages to make sure you are getting the most out of your reading skills. Recap Do not worry about your dislike of science; you can still get a 36 on the Science section.Study the material you need to know: Make sure you understand the scientific method. Check out our article on Experimental Design for more information. Study the only actual science material you need to know. Make flashcards using our other article The Only Actual Science You Need to Know for ACT Science Practice reading visuals as it is the most tested skill on the ACT Science section. Check out our article on Factual Questions: How to Read Graphs, Tables, and Data for more information. Do not get caught up in the big, scary science terms. Instead, think of the section as a matching game.Focus on the reading aspect if you enjoy reading! What’s Next? Keep practicing by learningabout the different types of ACT Science questions suchasfactual questions,interpreting trends questions, experimental design questions, and interpreting experiments questions. In a hurry to study for the ACT? Learnhow to cram. Not sure where you want to go to college? We can help you pick your target school and figure out what should be your target ACT score. Like this article? Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Sciencelesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dora Seigel About the Author As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Common Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Common Assessment - Research Paper Example The company has been a subject of criticism for its products mainly due to the fact that they are causing high levels of obesity to the customers. In an effort to curb this recent challenge that it has been subject to mainly in the western countries, McDonald’s Corporation has introduced healthier items in its menu which are inclusive of: fruits, salads and wraps. The fast food restaurant as has already been preempted has operations in markets globally hence it is fairly distributed in very many countries. In regard to this paper though, the main attention will be placed in India, France, England and China as a critical analysis and comparison is carried out on the marketing mix that the company employs mainly in the identified countries. McDonald’s Corporation’s 4P’s Marketing Mix McDonald’s forms part of the brands that are best known worldwide hence its main aim in marketing is to continue building stronger its brand in international markets by b eing a perfect listener of its customers. It is important though to take note of the fact that McDonald’s faces stiff competition from other fast food restaurants hence the need for a very competitive and effective marketing mix so s to continue emerging as the best in the diverse markets. Having identified the target customers that it is dealing with, McDonald’s comes out strongly to create a marketing mix that optimally appeals specifically to the target group (Kurtz 2010). The four main tools of marketing that are used in marketing mix are: product, price, promotion and place. In order to come up with the perfect marketing mix that optimally works for the benefit of the company basic questions are answered by the marketing department at McDonald’s. The questions whose answers determine the type of marketing mix to be used are: which products are well received in the market; what prices are the consumers willing to pay for the desired products; what television programs, newspapers are and advertising journals are mostly red and viewed by the consumers and which restaurants are mostly visited. This then offers the basis for identification of specific marketing goals of the company. With the marketing goals available, then the marketing mix (which is the focal interest point of this paper) can then be formed. Just as it is the case in other companies, the marketing mix of McDonald’s involves the four Ps which are exclusively analyzed in the following part in reference to McDonald’s. In regard to the ‘Product’ McDonald’s places more emphasis on efforts targeted at developing a menu which has what the customers do want. This is determined in McDonald’s using market research which is a very active department in the company given the fact that the requirements of the customers do change over time very rapidly. The fashionable foods today may be highly disregarded by the customers the next day (Kurtz 201 0). In an effort to keep up with the pressure that is created by the ever changing wants of the customers, McDonald’s has literally changed the old products with new products and it is still continuing to do so as to remain competitive in the market. In regard to its products, McDonald’s is very keen in knowing the fact that during the life cycle of a product in the market, changes do occur. Investment is therefore injected in the product depending on the stage at which it is in the market. It is due to this approach that at a given time, McDonald’

The Great British Pub Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Great British Pub - Essay Example veral pubs to its brand and offers a wonderful mix of traditional food and exotic drinks most wines are hand selected and carefully brewed to meet the varying tastes of customers across the country and visiting tourists. To meet the next challenges that lie ahead in the pub retail industry, the operations department has to come up with up-to-date innovations ascribed to the products and services offered. There are several modus operandi for innovating services in the pub market arena. The great British pub can and should redefine its strategy to fit the current market trends and deliver maximum profits. As opposed to the current strategy of only offering mostly food and drinks, it must develop a new strategy that targets even those who seek accommodation. The firm’s mission and vision statements must reflect and include its stakeholders. These measures should be driven using the bottom up approach in order for the employees to own the new strategy. Openness in setting targets should involve everyone that directly or indirectly attached or associated with the great old British pub. The strategy must take into consideration the suppliers, the government restrictions, outsourced service partners, the highly esteemed workforce and most importantly, it should revere its customers. The products offered by the pub are mainly drinks and food. These products must be offered in a manner that treats customers with respect. The beers and whiskeys must concentrate on the particular tastes preferred by the customers according to recent market researches. Quality can be made a side-by-side buzz word for the pub and as such the business can establish itself as completely unique pub in the world. When quality becomes a part of an organization, customers are attached to the enterprise since they are assured of getting value for their money. This can be done by sampling tastes all over the world so that not even tourists are left unattended. Once the traditional foods and drinks

Seed Germination of Orchid | Research

Seed Germination of Orchid | Research There are a lot of orchid species being listed as endangered species due to over-collection and lack of conservation. The survival rate of orchid in the nature is relatively low. This research is aimed to investigate the effect of organic additives on in vitro seed germination of Vanda hastfera, an endemic species of orchid to Borneo. By the end of this investigation, we expect to determine the medium composition and germinating conditions that are favourable for in vitro seed germination of Vanda hastifera. Various organic additives such as potato extract, peptone, coconut water, tomato juice and banana pulp will be added into the medium to examine their effects on the seed germination. The physical conditions such as light intensity, temperature, pH and relative humidity will be adjusted to the most suitable condition in compliance with the percentage of seed germination. The culture room will be maintained at a 16 light/8 dark photoperiod with environmental temperature of 25 ±2à ‚ °C. Also, the protocol will be designed by taking into account of the cost-effectiveness of the project. Keywords: Vanda hastifera, in vitro seed germination, protocorm,  ½ MS medium 1.0 Introduction The family Orchidaceae is considered as one of the largest flowering plant families which comprised of over 880 genera and approximately 25,000 to 30,000 species worldwide (Paek, Hahn Park, 2011; Bektas, Cà ¼ce Sà ¶kmen, 2013). Paek et al. (2011) indicated that the high degree of compatibility among genera and species allowed the registration of bi- and plurigeneric hybrids to reach over the number of 100,000. Lamb (as cited in Chan, Lamb, Shim Wood, 1994, p. 5) claimed that approximately 10% of orchids in the world were found in Borneo, which is around 2500-3000 species. Among these about 30-40% are said to be endemic species. Borneo is whereby denoted as â€Å"Orchid Island† (Chan et al., 1994). As discussed by Beaman, Wood, Beaman and Beaman (2001), Vanda is a monopodial genus of orchids that produce attractive flowers which are generally found at hill-forests or tropical lowlands. Vanda hastifera Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) is endemic to Borneo in which this epiphytic species inhabits at hill forest, lowland or coasted area (Chan et al., 1994). Vanda hastifera can be found at Kinabatang district in Sabah, Pontianak area in Kalimantan Barat, and Kuching area in Sarawak. Vanda hastifera is scented flower that can blooms for around 10 days in which it produces reflexed petals and sepals (Chan et al., 1994). The sepals of Vanda hastifera are marked by a few reddish brown spots. The uniqueness of this species is that it is very hairy at the margin of its lip as well as the auricles (Beaman et al., 2001). Over-collection of orchids has endangered some of the species which have high commercial value in a variety of industries like the medical industry, horticultural, ornamental so on. The survival of orchid in wild habitat is very low which also press the need to perform in vitro germination of the seeds. Vanda is one of the commonly cultivated genera that have high commercial value (Uchida, 1994). Based on the study that is fulfilled by Beaman et al. (2001), poorly preserved herbarium collections and insufficient information about the flower species for genus Vanda have made it substantial to practise cultivation upon the species. The significance in performing in vitro seed germination of Vanda hastifera is to optimize the seed germination process under in vitro condition in which the conditions and requirements of seed germination can be well-controlled. This can prevent the waste of resources and conserve the process of seed germination in making sure of the efficacy of the process . Furthermore, the addition of organic additives in appropriate concentration under proper circumstances can also enhance the effectiveness of seed germination carried out in vitro with relatively low expenses. The objectives of the study are: To investigate the effect of organic additives on in vitro seed germination of Vanda hastifera. To optimize the in vitro seed germination process of Vanda hastifera. To develop an appropriate and cost-effective protocol for in vitro seed germination of Vanda hastifera. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Vanda hastifera (Orchidaceae) According to Metusala and O’Byrne (2012), there are around ten taxa comprised in the genus Vanda section Hastifera which are distributed in the area of Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Island, Maluku, Sulawesi and New Guinea. The typical characteristics of section Hastifera are like complex lip with its apex divided into two buttock-like lobules and two dagger-like lobules bulging sideways from the base of the thickened mid-lobe (Metusala O’Byrne, 2012). Among the species of orchids in genus Vanda, Vanda scandens and Vanda hastifera have exhibiting all of the characteristics of section Hastifera. The name of Vanda hastifera is derived from Latin hastifer. Vanda hastifera is a fascinating species of orchid that has outstanding appearance which the fragrant flower for about 4.5 cm to 5 cm is fleshy and marked unevenly with brownish red blotches (Chan et al., 1994). Beautiful pale cream or pale yellow sepals and petals are reflexed. As revealed by Chan et al. (1994), the both the dorsal sepals and lateral sepals are spathulate with undulant margin. The white side lobes of the lip has shiny mid-lode at the top and side of the apex which joined to a short column-foot. The lower surface of the apex is purple to brownish purple with two reddish lines near the base. There is found to be a very hairy auricle at the base of the lip (Chan et al., 1994). Likewise, the edge of the mid-lobe is also hairy. The ligulate leaves of Vanda hastifera is about 15-20 Ãâ€" 2-2.5 cm which is dense and linked to a sheathing base. The embryo of Vanda differentiates into three sections in its early development, which are parenchymatous, meristematic and suspensor (Arditti, 1967). Based on the research done by Alvarez (as cited in Arditti, 1967, p. 4), the parenchymatous tissue is acting on supplying nutrition to meristem after the early degeneration of suspensor. 2.2 Orchid seed germination The orchid seed is very fine and delicate. The weight of the seed is varied from 0.3  µg to 14  µg; the length is to be at a range of 0.25 mm to 1.2 mm; and the width is around that of 0.09 mm to 0.27 mm (Arditti, 1967). The seed of orchid is normally produced in a large quantity in which Arditti (1967) indicated that a capsule may contains about 1,300 to 4,000,000 seeds. The orchid embryo usually maintains its globular or spherical shape in contrast to the great variety of the shape of the seed coat which may be in globular, elliptical, rounded, butterfly shaped or fusiform (Arditti, 1967). The swelling of embryo during germination will rupture the seed coat. This will lead to the formation of spherical or cone-shaped seedling which is the protocorm stage for orchid seed germination (Arditti, 1967). The protocorm is an undifferentiated mass of cells (McKendrick, 2000). Subsequently the first leaf primordium will project out of the upper flat surface. The protocorm then starts growing and the absorbing hairs starts to emerge at the periphery of the lower surface. Next, the first minute leaf is produced (Arditti, 1967). Soon after this, the first root will be formed. The development continues until a small plant takes it shape. In relation to orchid seed germination and development in nature, fungus infection is seemed to be a substantial factor for certain tropical epiphytic orchids (Arditti, 1967). This is because as the seeds are insufficient with the carbohydrate reserves, the young plant requires the supply of nutrients, sugar and organic material from the mycorrhizal fungus until the plant is capable of producing its own food (McKendrick, 2000). Once the fungus is penetrated into the seed, it is to be as an exogenous carbohydrate for the growing embryo upon the digestion of the fungal hyphae (Kauth, 2005). Moreover, fungi may be treated as a water supply as germination is started by imbibition (Yoder et al. as cited in Kauth, 2005, p. 2). 2.3 Research history of In vitro seed germination of orchid In vitro methods are used to improve and assist the development of plants that are vulnerable to grow in the nature (Fay, 1992). The use of symbiotic and asymbiotic in vitro germination techniques have been used for the seed germination of some orchid species (Fay, 1992). For the seeds that are to be germinated symbiotically, sowing is performed with a piece of mycorrhizal fungus. Symbiotic relationship is established when the fungus propagates and colonized the seed germination media (Mckendrick, 2000). Before the plant capable of making its own food, the fungus is thought to be sustaining the protocorm. Nonetheless, the proper strain of mycorrhizal fungus is required or else it might lead to seedling death as the fungus strain becomes parasitic. Proliferation of temperate terrestrial orchids is suitable to apply with this technique. On the other hand, tropical orchids are easier to grow as compared to temperate terrestrial orchids. Thus, asymbiotic germination method is normally us ed for the in vitro germination of tropical orchids. The media used appeared to be more intricate than that used in symbiotic germination (McKendrick, 2000). Without the mycorrhizal fungus, the nutrients required for proper germination have to be supplied fully. There are examples of simple media which are used for the seed germination of orchid which include Vacin and Went (VW), Hyponex and Knudson C medium (Paek et al., 2011). Without using the mycorrhizal fungus as a symbiotic element, Knudson (as cited in Kauth, 200, p. 3) has achieved successful seed germination for several epiphytic orchid genera which lead to the development of Knudson Solution B. After that, Knudson substituted ferric phosphate with ferrous sulphate and supplemented manganese into the medium in order to develop a more complex Knudson C medium that enable the in vitro seed germination and plant tissue culture suitable for more species (Kauth, 2005). Table 1: Media composition of  ½ MS, VW and Knudson media (Paek et al., 2011). Component  ½ MS (mg/L) VW (mg/L) Knudson (mg/L) Macronutrients NH4NO3 825 (NH4)2SO4 500 500 Ca3(PO4)2 200 Ca(NO3)2. 4H2O 1000 CaCl2.H2O 220 MgSO47H2O 185 250 250 KNO3 950 525 KH2PO4 85 250 250 Micronutrients Na2EDTA 18.65 FeSO4.7H2O 13.9 25 Fe2(C4H4O4).2H2O 28 H3BO3 3.1 CoCl2.6H2O 0.0125 CuSO4.5H2O 0.0125 MnSO4.4H2O 11.15 7.5 KI 0.415 Na2MoO4.2H2O 0.125 ZnSO4.4H2O 4.3 Organics Glycine 2 Myo-inositol 100 100 Nicotinic acid 0.5 1 Pyridoxine 0.5 Thiamine HCl 0.1 1 Adenine sulphate 10 The media composition is an important factor that will affect the efficiency of seed germination in vitro. MS medium added with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was reported to be favourable for the formation of protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs) and regeneration of plantlet for Dendrobium orchid (Nasiruddin et al. as cited in Aktar, Nasiruddin Hossain, 2008, p. 69). According to Mishra, Rawat, Nema and Shirin (2013), who have done an investigation on the effect of medium strength on in vitro germination of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. stated that by using different strength of MS basal medium, there is no significant difference on the rate of germination. Therefore, the concentration of MS medium used can be diluted to half so as to reduce the cost without affecting the efficacy of seed germination. Table 2: Modified Hyponex media composition (Paek et al., 2011). Component Seed germination Protocorm multiplication First transplanting Second transplanting Hyponex (g/L) N:P:K= 6.5:6:19 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N:P:K= 20:20:20 1.0 1.0 1.0 Adenine Sulfate (g/L) 5.0 Peptone (g/L) 2.0 2.0 3.0 Coconut water (%) 20 10 10 Potato or banana homogenate (g/L) 30-100 30-100 Activated charcoal (%) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Germination of seed can be affected by seed maturity. By using asymbiotic in vitro seed germination technique, immature seed has found to be more effective than mature seed to germinate. Claiming that the embryos have developed completely but not yet dedicated to enter the dormant stage, Light and MacConaill (as cited in Fay, 1992, p. 2) suggested that seeds harvested at 43 to 58 days after pollination has found to be ideal for in vitro seed germination of orchid. 2.4 Effects of organic additives on in vitro seed germination Natural complex additives are added into the simple media lack amino acids or vitamins. Examples of organic additives are like potato extracts, coconut water, banana pulp, peptone, and tomato juice. Activated charcoal is believed to have ameliorated the aeration as well as absorbs ethylene and phenolic inhibitors which are the growth inhibitors. Nevertheless, Paek et al. (2011) suggested that the use of charcoal has to be careful as it also absorbs vitamins and plant growth regulators in the culture medium. Occasionally, low concentration of auxin and cytokinin are needed and supplemented into the media in the early stage of protocorm proliferation for certain species of orchids (Paek et al., 2011). Besides, sucrose is also being added into the media in the early stage of tissue culture. However, Paek et al. (2011) claimed that the plantlet differentiation of some genera of orchids may be improved in a medium which has low concentration of sugar. A research done by Islam, Akter and Prodhan (2011) which used Vanda roxburgii orchid as model has proven that by adding potato extract into the medium of seed germination in vitro, the percentage of seed germination and seedling growth can be increased substantially. From their study, they have found that by supplementing potato extract at the concentration of 200 ml/L showed the best percentage of seed germination for Vanda roxburgii which is 78.24% as compared to the 17.2% of control (Islam et al., 2011). Therefore, it is proposed by Islam et al. (2011) that seed germination of Vanda orchids can be boosted by adding appropriate concentration of potato extract into the medium. It is testified that in 100 g of raw materials of potato extract, there is 1.0 mg of niacin which is believed to be accountable for the orchids’ development. Recent study accomplished by Tharapan, Thepsithar and Obsuwan (2014) has observed the effect of potato extract (PE), soy milk, cow milk and peptone on the development of Dendrobium discolor’s protocorms and seedlings growth of Dendrobium Judy Rutz by using Hyponex medium. After two months, protocorms were found developed in all culture vessels with different combinations of organic supplements in Hyponex medium. For the seedling growth of Dendrobium Judy Rutz, Hyponex medium with supplementation of 100 mL/L of potato extract and 2.0 g/L of peptone has achieved with the maximum fresh and dry weight (Tharapan et al., 2014). Conversely, the dry weights obtained from Hyponex medium supplemented with peptone, organic soy powder and milk powder for Dendrobium Judy Rutz’ seedling growth have no significant difference in comparison to the control. On the other hand, the maximum fresh and dried weight as well as shoot height of Dendrobium discolor’s protocorms were obtain ed in Hyponex medium containing potato extract with 2.0 g/L peptone (Tharapan et al., 2014). 3.0 Materials and Methods 3.1 List of Materials Seeds of Vanda hastifera, 0.2% (w/v) HgCl2, 70% ethanol, 1% 2,3,5-tripheny tetrazolium chloride (TTC), MS medium, KC medium, Hyponex medium, coconut water, potato extract, banana homogenate, peptone, yeast extract, tomato juice, 0.9% (w/v) agar, sucrose, activated charcoal, NaOH and HCl. 3.2 Sterilization of the seeds Immature seeds of Vanda hastifera is surface sterilize by submerging in 0.2% (w/v) HgCl2 for 10 minutes. After this, the seeds will be dipping in 70% ethanol for 15 seconds for further sterilization. Sterilized seeds are then washed with sterile distilled water for 5 to 6 times. These procedures are operated in a laminar flow hood. The viability of the seeds is examined by staining the seed with 1% 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution (pH 7). The staining is carried out in darkness. Observation is performed by using stereoscopic microscope (Yamazaki Miyoshi, 2006). Viable embryos are those shows orange to red colour under the stereoscopic microscope observation (Lauzer, Renaut, St-Arnaud Barabà ©, 2007). This procedure has proven effective for testing the viability of epiphytic tropical orchid’s seeds (Singh as cited in Vujanovic, St-Arnaud, Barabà © Thibeault, 2000, p.79). 3.3 Media preparation Half and full strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1967), KC medium (Knudson, 1946) and Hyponex medium (Kano, 1965) are supplemented with various organic additives in different concentration to examine their effects on in vitro seed germination of Vanda hastifera. Coconut water (5, 10, 15, 20% v/v), peptone (0.2% w/v), yeast extract (0.2% w/v), potato extract (1, 2, 4, 6 g/L) (w/v), banana homogenate (2.5-12.5% w/v), tomato juice (10-20% v/v) are added into the medium. 30 g/L of sucrose and 2 g/L or activated charcoal are also supplemented into the medium. The medium is solidified with 0.9% (w/v) agar. The pH of the medium is adjusted by using NaOH or HCl to between 5.4 to 5.8 prior to autoclave at 121 under 15 p.s.i. for 20 minutes. (Jawan, Gansau Abdullah, 2010; Ali, Murdad Latip, 2011) 3.4 Inoculation The sterilized seeds are then inoculated on to the medium prepared. The spreading of the seeds is to be even over the entire surface of the medium. The Petri dishes with media inoculated with seeds are kept in the culture room provided with 16 light /8 dark hours of photoperiod at 25 ±2. The light intensity is to be at 20-50  µmolm-2s-1 provided by cool white fluorescent tubes (Jawan et al., 2010; Ali et al., 2011). The relative humidity is adjusted at 70-80%. 3.5 Observation and analytical technique Seed germination is indicated by the development of protocorms. According to Ali et al. (2011), it can be seen by the appearance of protocorm from the testa. Observation is carried out at a 20 days interval for up to 60-70 days by using a dissecting light microscope. The number of germinating seed is recorded and tabulated in a table as the percentage of the total number of seeds inoculated (Ali et al., 2011). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to analyse the data. The significant difference or treatment means is subjected to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability (Aktar et al., 2008; Ali et al., 2011). 4.0 Expected outcome The seed germination of Vanda hastifera that is conducted in vitro will be very effective. It is greatly affected by the medium composition, concentration of organic additives supplemented and the light intensity. It is expected that the  ½ MS will be the best medium for in vitro germination of Vanda hastifera. Organic additives like potato extract, peptone and coconut water are expected to give better results in the experiment as compare to other organic additives.

Analysis Of Sonnets 64 And 73 Essay

William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights of all time. It is also important, however, to remember and to study his sonnets. The sonnets are separated into two groups, 1-126 and 127-54. All of them are love poems of some sort, whether addressed to a young man or the infamous â€Å"Dark Lady.† It is important to compare and analyze the sonnets, and to see the similarities between them. The purpose of this essay is to compare sonnets 64 and 73, and show that although it is easy to come to the conclusion that they are sorrowful in tone and negative in orientation, they are truly positive and life affirming. These two have been chosen because they are similar in this and other respects. Before discussing the similarities, however, it is necessary to briefly describe what each sonnet is about. Sonnet 64 is a cry against the inevitable arrival of all that wears down even the most firm powers that exist in the world. The speaker stresses that even the most sturdy monuments are bound to the ravages of time: â€Å"When I have seen by Time’s fell hand defaced/ The rich, proud cost of outworn buried age,/ When sometime lofty towers I see down-raz’d/ and brass eternal slave to mortal rage;† and so on. It is clear that the speaker finds time an enemy, capable of eroding any efforts to persevere. Time is also the enemy to the desire to be with a loved one forever. In this sonnet, the speaker finds himself at the mercy of his opponent, without any means of facing Time with any success. He almost abandons the love that he feels because he knows that it will eventually fall victim to time. There is no difference between the love that is felt by the speaker and the other durable things in the world, such as the â€Å"kingdom of the shore†, and the â€Å"firm soil.† But even these things will erode over time. The only option the speaker has is to mourn what he will one day lose. The seventy-third sonnet is also about the response of the speaker to the fact that Time detracts from the endurance of man and his response to the things that make him feel loved. Shakespeare starts with a discussion of the process by which the things that surround man first start to erode and fall as a result of the passing of time. The speaker is equating himself to  autumn and the twilight of day. He finds himself lying on the ashes of his youth, and a victim to the passage of time. He cannot sustain the love that he feels, and is consumed by both time and love, as they once sustained him. The speaker is arguing that the fate of man is to be consumed by the very things that are his life-blood: love and time. â€Å"In me thou seest the glowing of such fire/ That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,/ As the deathbed whereupon it must expire/ Consumed with that which it was nourished by. The similarities between these two poems are evident. Basically, they are both about the speaker’s sense of helplessness and loss in the face of the passage of time. The theme of loss, and the recurrent theme of impotence when faced with passing time and its effects, is evident in both poems. However, these are not necessarily sad or defeatist poems. The speaker does not submit to the passage of time by saying that he will not be able to feel or love or even live anymore. He is not depressed to the point of being unable to do anything. Rather, the speaker feels that man must continue to love, and to live, despite the fact that life will end, and love will eventually subside as time takes over the human spirit. Although â€Å"Time will come and take my love away,† the speaker is not saying that man must simply not love at all. He is saying that man must eventually give in to the effects of time, but that in the time that does exist for man, it is possible to love, and to sustain oneself with that love. These poems, which sound sad or even lacking in spirit, are actually affirmative of the desire toward love and life: â€Å"This thou perceivest, which makes my love more strong,/ to love that well, which thou must leave ere long.† Both of these sonnets can be interpreted as encouraging the reader to grasp the fact that love can be sweeter and more enduring if the individual realizes that time will eventually take that love away. It is even possible to claim that, because all love will end, man should state his love early, and live that love to the fullest extent possible. In this sense, each of these poems can be understood to be positive, and life affirming. At first reading, it is easy to come to the conclusion that the poems are  sorrowful in tone and negative. However, after closer analysis, it is obvious that the speaker is ultimately celebrating life, and urging the embrace of all aspects of it, whether they result in suffering or pleasure. The tone is sorrowful when the speaker comes face to face with the inevitable, but the fact remains that the inevitable outcome, which is loss, and the passage of time, is part of what makes the intensity of love, and the quality of life, so memorable and so pleasurable.

Essay on Motivation and Religion - 1064 Words

Motivation and Religion According to Dr. David Elkins, Contemplation, meditation, prayer, rituals and other spiritual practices have the power to release the life force in the deepest levels of the human psyche, levels that secular interventions cannot reach (Elkins 1999). Spirituality may not just about one person healing. It may be about the look of wonder on a childs face or the love we feel for a family member. It could also be about finding the place that attaches one person to another. Its about seeing the sacred in our lives and opening the door to a life of passion and depth or even strength and power. There is no right or wrong answer. To each their own, but there must be something that motivates each and†¦show more content†¦That could definitely make one embrace another religion. A major role in embracing a religion or spirituality has to do with internal motivation. Anger, fear, and/or hurt could motivate someone to seek out those unlike and uncomfortable feelings and find happi ness, love, and security in religion. Someone could easily find a belief that gives him/her hope. People in general define their god, not as a person, but as a force, a principle, . . .an integrating power that expresses the unity and the meaningfulness of a higher-being (Maslow 1976). Some recognition needs to be given to factors which are basic to an understanding of any religious experience. [Religious] attitudes in general are born of conditioning circumstances which have been more or less persistently present in the formation of the psycho-physical personality. Man gets his attitudes from longstanding associations with parents, social groups, intellectual constants; in short, with those environmental influences of longstanding (Olt 1956). A second factor in religious experience is the acquired sentiments about religious things. External motivation could very well be the key for some people to turn to and extend their open arms to religion and/or spirituality. 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Cultural Analysis Chile And The United States - 2260 Words

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